CAUSE
Calluses develop due to excessive pressure at a specific area of the foot. Some common causes of callus formation are high-heeled dress shoes, obesity, abnormalities in walking, flat feet, high arched feet, bony prominences, displaced metatarsals, ("plantar-flexed metatarsal"), with the subsequent loss of the fat pad on the bottom of the foot. A hammertoe deformity can also contribute to callus formation, ( see schematic picture).

TREATMENT
In order to relieve the excessive pressure that leads to callus formation, weight should be redistributed equally with the use of an orthotic. A functional orthotic, transfers pressure away from the "dropped (plantar-flexed) metatarsal" or high pressured areas to allow the callus to heal. Women should also wear more comfortable shoes other than high-heeled shoes. If self-treatment doesn't relieve the problem, consult a podiatrist

SURGERY
The metatarsal is cut and then lifted into proper alignment with the other bones. This procedure can be done in an office setting or a surgicenter.

PREVENTION
Many people try to alleviate the pain caused by calluses by cutting or trimming them with a razor blade or knife. This is very dangerous and not the way to properly treat calluses. This can also worsen the condition resulting in unnecessary injuries and scarring. Diabetics especially should never try this type of treatment.